You’ve probably heard the phrase “all forecasts are wrong”, suggesting that the future is unpredictable and that no forecast will ever match the actual outcome. Well, this phrase is not entirely correct, and here’s why. When your favourite forecasting approach generates point forecasts, it usually provides a conditional mean. This means it’s giving you the […]
One of the core ideas in statistics, which extends to many other fields including forecasting, is the concept of structure versus noise. You’ve probably heard of it, but it’s often overlooked by those without a strong quantitative background. So, let’s discuss. The core of the idea is that any data consists of two fundamental parts: […]
Back in 2022, my father asked me to help him in amending and editing a monograph he wrote on the topic of “Complex-Valued Econometrics”. The original book focused on dynamic models, but after looking through the material and a thorough discussion, we decided to write something more fundamental. The monograph is based on the research […]
I have summarised several posts on point forecasts evaluation in an article for the Foresight journal. Mike Gilliland, being the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, contributed to the paper a lot, making it read much smoother, but preferred not to be included as the co-author. This article was recently published in the issue 74 for Q3:2024. […]
When you start working with your data and suddenly realise that there are zeroes there, i.e. it is intermittent demand, what should you do first? Some people use SBC classification, but is that what you need? Let’s discuss! Intermittent demand comes in different flavours: sometimes zeroes occur frequently with low demand volumes, while other times […]
On 1st July, I presented my ongoing work on time series bootstrap and its impact on prediction intervals at ISF2024 in Dijon, France. Abstract: Bootstrap is extensively used in statistics and machine learning for cross-sectional data to account for uncertainty about the data, model form, and parameter estimates. However, conventional methods may not be suitable […]
Sometimes, when you need to forecast demand, you may notice that the recorded data contains zeroes. There are several possible reasons for this, but today we’ll briefly discuss one of them. Welcome to the world of “intermittent demand”! Intermittent demand is the demand that happens at irregular frequency (Svetunkov & Boylan, 2023). This means you […]
While there is a lot to say about multistep losses, I’ve decided to write the final post on one of them and leave the topic alone for a while. Here it goes. Last time, we discussed MSEh and TMSE, and I mentioned that both of them impose shrinkage and have some advantages and disadvantages. One […]
As we discussed last time, there are two possible strategies in forecasting: recursive and direct. The latter aligns with the estimation of a model using a so-called multistep loss function, such as Mean Squared Error for h-steps-ahead forecast (MSEh). But this is not the only loss function that can be efficiently used for model estimation. […]
Have you heard about the recursive vs direct forecasts? There’s literature about them in the areas of both ML and statistics. What’s so special about them? Here is a short post. The term “recursive” forecasting refers to the approach, when we produce one-step-ahead forecast first, then use it to produce two-steps-ahead, three-steps-ahead, and so on. […]