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## 6.1 Recursive relation

Similarly to how it was done for the pure additive model, we can show what the recursive relation will look like for the pure multiplicative model (the logic here is the same, the main difference is in working with logarithms instead of the original values): \begin{aligned} \log y_{t+h} = & \mathbf{w}_{m_1}' \mathbf{F}_{m_1}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_1}\rceil-1} \log \mathbf{v}_{t} + \mathbf{w}_{m_1}' \sum_{j=1}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_1}\rceil-1} \mathbf{F}_{m_1}^{j-1} \log \left(\mathbf{1}_k + \mathbf{g}_{m_1} \epsilon_{t+m_1\lceil\frac{h}{m_1}\rceil-j}\right) + \\ & \mathbf{w}_{m_2}' \mathbf{F}_{m_2}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_2}\rceil-1} \log \mathbf{v}_{t} + \mathbf{w}_{m_2}' \sum_{j=1}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_2}\rceil-1} \mathbf{F}_{m_2}^{j-1} \log \left(\mathbf{1}_k + \mathbf{g}_{m_2} \epsilon_{t+m_2\lceil\frac{h}{m_2}\rceil-j}\right) + \\ & \dots \\ & \mathbf{w}_{m_d}' \mathbf{F}_{m_d}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_d}\rceil-1} \log \mathbf{v}_{t} + \mathbf{w}_{m_d}' \sum_{j=1}^{\lceil\frac{h}{m_d}\rceil-1} \mathbf{F}_{m_d}^{j-1} \log \left(\mathbf{1}_k + \mathbf{g}_{m_d} \epsilon_{t+m_d\lceil\frac{h}{m_d}\rceil-j}\right) + \\ & \log \left(1 + \epsilon_{t+h}\right) \end{aligned}. \tag{6.7} In order to see how this recursion works, we can take the example of ETS(M,N,N), for which $$m_1=1$$ and all the other frequencies are equal to zero: $$$y_{t+h} = \exp\left(\mathbf{w}_{1}' \mathbf{F}_{1}^{h-1} \log\mathbf{v}_{t} + \mathbf{w}_{1}' \sum_{j=1}^{h-1} \mathbf{F}_{1}^{j-1} \log \left(\mathbf{1}_k + \mathbf{g}_{1} \epsilon_{t+h-j}\right) +\log \left(1 + \epsilon_{t+h}\right)\right) , \tag{6.8}$$$ or after inserting $$\mathbf{w}_{1}=1$$, $$\mathbf{F}_{1}=1$$, $$\mathbf{v}_{t}=l_t$$, $$\mathbf{g}_{1}=\alpha$$ and $$\mathbf{1}_k=1$$: $$$y_{t+h} = l_t \prod_{j=1}^{h-1} \left(1 + \alpha \epsilon_{t+h-j}\right) \left(1 + \epsilon_{t+h}\right) . \tag{6.9}$$$

This recursion is useful in order to understand how the states evolve over time, but in general it cannot be used for the calculation of moments, as the one for the pure additive ADAM ETS.